# Module 0.1.0 - Fundamentals

* python is case sensitive

## 0.1.1 - Datatypes

* There are different data types for handling the different types of data
  * string - datatype for text values
  * integer - datatype for whole number values
  * float - datatype for decimal values
  * boolean - datatype for true or false values

## 0.1.2 - Comments

* comments can be used to make notes or comments in your code
* comments are not executed by the interpreter

```
# this is a comment
```

## 0.1.3 - Errors

if your code is outputting something like this

```
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#33>", line 1, in <module>
    ...
NameError: name '' is not defined
...
```

* then there is an error in your code, the last line tells you what's wrong
* we will go over errors and exceptions in module 0.9.0
  * exception, handling an error in your code
* but you probably typed something wrong or you tried to make your syntax \[code in text form] do something that it can't

## 0.1.4 - Strings & Output

* single or double quotes can be used to represent strings
* the "print" function can be used to output datatypes
  * function, a statement that \[typically] takes an input \[argument], uses that input to perform an operation, and will return some output.

```python

print('Hello, World!')
print("Hello, World!")

# to include quotes within strings

print('My name is "Cosmo"')
print("I can't code well")
```

* the above can also be done with something called escape sequences
* escape sequences are strings that use specialized character to achieve a certain task
  * they use a backslash to innitiate

```
\" - double quote escape sequence
\' - single quote escape sequence
\n - new line escape sequence
\t - tab escape sequence
\\ - backslash escape sequence
```

Example:

```
print("My name is \"Cosmo\"")
>>> My name is "Cosmo"
```

Docstrings, multilined strings

* created by putting string text between three double quotes

```
"This srtring is one line"

"""
This string has multiple lines
first line
second line
"""
```

## 0.1.5 - Operators

Keep order of operations (PEMDAS) in mind

```python
# addition
print(1+1)

# subtraction
print(1 - 1)

# multiplication
print(1*1)

# division
print(1/1)

# exponets
print(1**1)

# remainders
print(1%1)

# quotiants
print(1//1)
```

## 0.1.6 - Operations with Strings

Concatenation, connecting two or more datatypes in one value

```
print("Hello, " + "World!"")
>>> "Hello, World!""
```

if a string is multiplied by a numeric value, it will append it's value to itself (however many times as instructed)

```
print("Hello"*3)
>>> "HelloHelloHello"
```

## 0.1.7 - Converting Datatypes

```
String - str()
Integer - int()
Float - float()
```

Example:

```
print("1"+"1")
>>> "11"

print(int("1")+int("1"))
>>> 2
```

## 0.1.8 - Variables

assign data to a name of your choice

* acheived through assignment operator, "="
* can't start with a number
* use underscores instead of a space

```
my_varaible = 5
print(my_variable)
>>> 5
```

variables can be reassigned

```
my_variable = "Subscribe to CosmodiumCS"
print(my_variable)
>>> "Subscribe to CosmodiumCS"
```

variables can be deleted with the "del" command

```
del my_variable
```

## 0.1.9 - Variable Operations

```
# assignment operator
x = 5

# add on to saved data
x = x + 1
# or 
x += 1

# works with other datatypes
full_name = "Blue "
full_name += "Cosmo"
print(full_name)
>>> "Blue Cosmo"

# works with other operators
x = x - 1
# or
x -= 1

# others
x /= 2
x *= 2
```

## 0.1.10 - Input

get user input using the "input" function

```
input("What is your name? : ")
>>> What is your name? : cosmo
```

let's save this input to a variable and output it

```
name = input("What is your name? : ")
>>> What is your name? : cosmo

print("Your name is " + name)
>>> "Your name is cosmo"
```

## 0.1.11 - String Formatting

embed other data within a string

* accomplished by using the "format" method
* curly braces "{}" are replaced by the formatted data \[seperated by commas]

```
formatted_string = "Cosmodium's birthday is on June {}, {}".format(9, 2020) 
print(formatted_string)
>>> "Cosmodium's birthday is on June 9, 2020"
```

values can be assigned to the formatted data using their index's

* an index is the placement or position of a character in a set of data

```
age = 100

msg = "I am {0} years {1}, how {1} are you".format(age, "old")
print(msg)
>>> "I am 100 years old, how old are you"
```

"F" strings are a shortcut for formatting

* indicated by placing an "f" before the single or double quotes of the string
* formatted data is placed directly in the curly braces "{}"

```
name = "bob"
age = 30

print(f"My name is {name} and I am {age} years old")
>>> "My name is bob and I am 30 years old"
```

this formatted data can be operations, variables, integers, and more